Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. The role of psychological capital in academic adjustment among university students. A non-empirical research design was adopted for this study. COVID-19 hastened a trend that was already ongoing before the pandemic outbreak: the progressively increasing use of distance and online teaching and learning, alongside with lectures and classes. Your classmates, friends or family members may be disobeying the rules about physical distancing or doing other things that add to your stress. Findings on the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies versus emotion-focused coping strategies suggest the effectiveness of the particular strategy is contingent on the context, with controllable issues being better addressed through problem-focused strategies, while emotion-focused strategies are more effective with circumstances that cannot be controlled (Finkelstein-Fox & Park, 2019). Assessing the effects of a personal effectiveness training on psychological capital, assertiveness and self-awareness using self-other agreement. Prior to COVID-19, self-efficacy and optimism were the two major psychological resources that predicted university student well-being. Participants were asked to complete the well-being assessment twicefirst, by responding as they recalled their well-being prior to COVID-19, and second, by responding as they reflected on their well-being during the pandemic. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). If family members are distracting you, use I statements to explain the problem--Im worried about my exam next weekand work together to develop solutions. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially Reduction in Well-Being Related to COVID-19 Exercise regularly. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813517003, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Jensen, S. M. (2012). (2009). Students Washington Post. Before PERMA-Profiler DURING As expected, negative emotion and loneliness significantly increased during the period of COVID-19, impacting overall well-being in an adverse manner. Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2011.609844, Luthans, F., Avey, J. You may have returned home, where youre missing friends and finding studying difficult. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070, Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). Madhyastha, S., Latha, K. S., & Kamath, A. Finally, the moderate Cronbachs alpha reliability scores of < .70 (Field, 2013) for the subscales of the Brief COPE inventory and the engagement subscale of the PERMA-Profiler are of concern, which has also been expressed by prior researchers (Goodman et al., 2018; Iasiello et al., 2017). WebCOVID-19 Coping Strategies. Researchers have also examined the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between positive emotion and academic performance (Carmona-Halty et al., 2019; Hazan Liran & Miller, 2019; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012; K. W. Luthans et al., 2016); relationships and predictions between PsyCap and mental health in university students (Selvaraj & Bhat, 2018); and relationships between PsyCap, well-being, and coping (Rabenu et al., 2017). McGonigal, J. After cleaning the data, 197 surveys were excluded from the data analyses. But too much news especially social media can add to your anxiety. Therefore, this Web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306, Carver, C. S. (1997). 2020 Sep 17;22(9):e22817. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Your classmates and family members are anxious, too. (2011). Other coping strategies, such as denial, self-blame, distraction, and substance use, are more often associated with negative emotions, such as shame, guilt, lower perception of self-efficacy, and psychological distress, rather than making efforts to remediate them (Billings & Moos, 1984). Experiences and Coping Strategies of College Students https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166, Gallagher, R. P. (2014). Mental Health For Remote Workers: Supporting Employees And One Foremost among these is that data were collected using self-report measures, and in the case of the PERMA-Profiler, data were collected using the retrospective recall of participants as they considered their well-being prior to the onset of COVID-19. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221230. It is important to remember that not everything being said about COVID-19 is accurate. Students use of religious coping (mean) and sources of expected support during the, Fig 8. Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. University students strategies of coping with stress during the Asian American University Students Adjustment, Coping, and The impact of business school students psychological capital on academic performance. Worry and stress fuel record drop in U.S. life satisfaction. Consider recreating important events once its safe. For example, optimism became the strongest predictor of overall well-being and hope emerged as a predictor of engagement, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health during the pandemic. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282294. Be sure to address your own concerns separately so you can focus on patients during sessions. Think about how you can honor what youve achieved. Try to create a separate work space, although you should reserve your sleeping area for sleeping. F. Luthans et al. Predicting the mental health of college students with psychological capital. Findings are discussed in three areas: reduction in well-being related to COVID-19, shift in predictive roles of PsyCap HERO dimensions, and coping strategies as a mediator. Your classmates have probably scattered. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. The study further analyses the causes of Malaysian university students' grievances and challenges and psychological effects in 2011;81: 101107: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x But during COVID-19, the relevance of self-efficacy in predicting PERMA elements was limited to controllable factorsrelationships, meaning, and physical healthand the predictive role of self-efficacy overall was no longer significant (see Table 2). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352, Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). (F. Luthans et al., 2015, p. 2). Each item is rated on an 11-point scale ranging from never (0) to always (10), or not at all (0) to completely (10). Front. Simon & Schuster. Self-efficacy was a consistent predictor of PERMA elements before COVID-19. Published 2022. Ask your supervisor for help. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) WebAlly parents are parents of trans* and nonbinary youth across the country who volunteer their time to support young people who may lack or not yet have parental support. Cleveland, Babicka-Wirkus A, Kozowski P, Wirkus , Stasiak K. Int J Environ Res Public Health. The connection between our physical body and our mental health is important and may be something worth exploring when thinking about staying mentally healthy. Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. Skills Gen Xers Have Developed to Survive Life During Dont judge yourself; just do the best you can. How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. A similar application was applied to learning English specifically for midwifery students on Flores Island during the covid-19 pandemic. Students use of self-blame (mean), Fig 9. An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. Psychological Impairment and Coping Strategies During the COVID University Students and Mental Health The survey link was also distributed via a national counselor education listserv, and it was shared on the authors social media platforms. You might feel unmotivated now. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92100. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which radically changed students' daily functioning. Both courses trained students to respond to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives incidents. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197, Klussman, K., Nichols, A. L., Langer, J., & Curtin, N. (2020). Copyright 2023 National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates. WebDr. For the present study, reliability scores were high for four pillarspositive emotion ( = .88), relationships ( = .83), meaning ( = .89), accomplishment ( = .82); high for the subscales of negative emotion ( = .73) and physical health ( = .85); and moderate for the pillar of engagement ( = .65). Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. Skills Flourishing: The PERMA Well-Being Model The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. The site is secure. A tool to help you build resilience during difficult times. Research Question 2 Meyer, M. L., Wagner, D. D., Holtzheimer, P. E., & Campbell, A. T. (2020). B., & Everette James, A. Specifically, adaptive coping strategies played a significant role in enhancing the positive effects of PsyCap on well-being. Get enough sleep. These are potential areas of practice for college counselors and counselors serving university students. coping skills Basic self-care will keep your immune system strong and your emotional reserves full. Psychol. Instead of worrying about our ambiguous future, focus on solving immediate problems. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. Fig 1. Best Colleges (April 20, 2020). Chronicle of Higher Education. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. We examined whether the COVID-19 context shaped the efficacy of particular strategies to promote well-being. However, during the pandemic, the covariance of the PsyCap dimensions with well-being increased to 39% (R2 = .39, p < .01). There are a number of research-based approaches offered in the field of positive psychology to guide mental health professionals to facilitate development of PsyCap and other important well-being correlates. Connection and disconnection as predictors of mental health and wellbeing. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373, Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. Mental health priorities: Stigma elimination and community advocacy in college settings. This study examined the relationships between psychological capital (PsyCap), coping strategies, and well-being among 609 university students using self-report measures. Optimism had a significant indirect effect on change in well-being compared to hope and resilience (see Table 3). The data were screened and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, v25). Students substance use (mean) and, Fig 8. Psychological Capital Questionnaire Short Version (PCQ-12) Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 387393. Gallup. The COVID-19 pandemic has meant additional stress, fear, and worry for many families. WebCoping with the Crisis As with any difficult situation, each person relies on different coping mechanisms. Students practiced their emerging skills in simulated emergency scenarios. Retrospective recall may be inaccurate (Gilbert, 2007) with participants under- or overestimating their well-being. Available from: Mackenzie S, Wiegel JR, Mundt M, Brown D, Saewyc E, Heiligenstein E, et al.. Depression and suicide ideation among students accessing campus health care. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social 2021;18(1): 355. Perhaps youre juggling your childrens educational needs as well as your own. Baj-Korpak J, Zaworski K, Szymczuk E, Shpakou A. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Field, A. For university students, the pandemic brought about disruptions to life as they knew it. Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. Further, PsyCap HERO dimensions were negatively correlated to negative emotion and loneliness. Avey, J. student during (2017). The relationship between psychological capital, coping with stress, well-being, and performance. Check in with your child frequently and listen to their concerns. The study further analyses the causes of Malaysian university students' grievances and challenges and psychological effects in Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Americans stress, worry and anger intensified in 2018. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 321332. After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. As teachers, it is essential to listen to students' concerns and demonstrate understanding as well as empathy. The effect size of the change in the scores of individual PERMA elements ranged between 12.1% and 32.5%. of this manuscript. Key findings are that the optimism, hope, and resilience dimensions of PsyCap are significant predictors of well-being, explaining a large amount of variance, with adaptive coping being conducive to flourishing. 405415). COVID-19 Students substance use (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19 pandemic, Fig 9. Selvaraj, P. R., & Bhat, C. S. (2018). The Brief COPE is a multidimensional inventory used to assess the different ways in which people generally respond to stressful situations. Northwestern University. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2015.0088. (2014). The .gov means its official. All rights reserved. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Brief COPE Questionnaire https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/05/04/mental-health-coronavirus, Witters, D., & Harter, J. Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. iGen: Why todays super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happyand completely unprepared for adulthoodand what that means for the rest of us. Mental Health of Students at Polish Universities after Two Years of the Outbreak of COVID-19. Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. (1988). Relationship of Demographic Factors, Psychological Capital, and Coping Strategies With Change in PERMA Elements, Note. The findings of this study should be considered in light of certain limitations. Justine K. James, PhD, is an assistant professor at University College in Kerala, India. Prior to exploring the role of PsyCap and coping strategies on change in well-being due to COVID-19, an initial analysis was conducted to understand the characteristics and relationships of constructs in the study. Fig 3. Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. Journal of Affective Disorders. Partial eta squared was reported as the measure of effect size. Are you able to do these activities? Coping with this stress may help you. Now is my chance to help others. Accessibility Some students coped with the shared trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing their energy inward and using this time for self-care, or The U.S. Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students: 10-year population-level trends (20072017). Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339366. Disclaimer. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Seligman (2011) proposed a theory of well-being stipulating that well-being was not simply the absence of mental illness (Keyes, 2002), but also the presence of five pillars with the acronym of PERMA (Seligman, 2002, 2011). The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. COVID-19 The scoping review aimed to, Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially about whats happening in your area. Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227238. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.877, Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most The PCQ-12 (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), the shortened version of PCQ-24 (F. Luthans et al., 2007), consists of 12 items that measure four HERO dimensions: hope (four items), self-efficacy (three items), resilience (three items), and optimism (two items), together forming the construct of psychological capital (PsyCap). The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Following the biopsychosocial model of health, the goal of the current study was to predict peoples psychological well-being (PWB) during the initial lockdown phase of the pandemic and to investigate which coping strategies were most common among people with low and high At a time of significant stress, promoting the highest human performance and adaptation not only helps with well-being in the midst of the challenge but also can provide a foundation for future potential for optimal well-being (Joseph & Linley, 2008). International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(2). Miyazaki, Y., Bodenhorn, N., Zalaquett, C., & Ng, K.-M. (2008). The use of LMS in learning activities can be done anywhere. The final two pillars are meaning (M), a sense of purpose in life that is derived from something greater than oneself, and accomplishment (A), a persistent drive that helps one progress toward personal goals and provides one with a sense of achievement in life. Johnson (2020) indicated that 35% of students reported increased anxiety associated with a move from face-to-face to online learning in the spring 2020 semester, matching the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. 2023 Jan 20;20(3):1921. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031921. Future researchers should consider issues of internal consistency as they choose scales and interpret results. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal These feelings are normal. Psychological capital and well-being. Penguin Press. Building the leaders of tomorrow: The development of academic psychological capital. Gallagher RP. (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510676, Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). There is robust empirical support suggesting that individuals with higher PsyCap have higher levels of performance (job and academic); satisfaction; engagement; attitudinal, behavioral, and relational outcomes; and physical and psychological health and well-being outcomes. The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. Another thing you cant control? COVID-19 Specifically, the study addresses coping strategies and psychological capital (PsyCap; F. Luthans et al., 2007) and how they relate to levels of well-being. SAGE. Students Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing. The experiences and emotional responses of finalyear nursing students who volunteered to carry out healthcare relief tasks during the peak of the COVID19 pandemic were explored, and the coping strategies they adopted to deal with this situation were identified. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2623. Predictors of Students' Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Coping Strategies, Sense of Coherence, and Social Support. Regarding race/ethnicity, most participants identified as Caucasian (83.6%, n = 509), while the remaining participants identified as African American (5.3%, n = 32), Hispanic or Latina/o (9.5%, n = 58), American Indian (0.8%, n = 5), Asian (3.6%, n = 22), or Other (2.7%, n = 17). * p < .05, ** p < .01. Worries about sickness, finances, and isolation, coping with grief from loss, and having less outside help have made parenting more stressful. Oxford University Press. 2022 Nov 1;19(21):14282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114282. Two significant challenges to counseling professionals on college campuses are the lack of resources to adequately respond to mental health concerns among students and the stigma associated with accessing services (R. P. Gallagher, 2014; Michaels et al., 2015). coping Additionally, data collection methods and sample demographics would likely limit generalizability. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541572. Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds. OH College Quarterly, 16(1). Similarly, approach coping strategies such as active coping, positive reframing, and acceptance (Carver, 1997) were resilient strategies to handle pandemic stress whereas using emotional support and planning showed weaker but significant roles. Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). The statistical analysis showed that during the coronavirus pandemic, Polish students most often used the coping strategies of: acceptance, planning, and seeking emotional support. Objectives To assess the psychological distress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. Youth can 2021 Apr;30(2):194-201. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636. It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. These strategies can be harmful and unhealthy with regard to effectively coping with stressors. 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Learn more about whole health and what you can do to improve your overall wellness including preparing for your wellness during the COVID-19 outbreak. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Mental Health, 27(3), 279287. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the As a flexible learning method, most schools chose L = Loneliness. (2013). During the pandemic, optimism, hope, and resiliency have been significant predictors of well-being. 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2752. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032752. Journal of American College Health, 68(3), 271277. Behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997) were found to be the dominant avoidant coping strategies that were adopted by students, which led to a significant decrease in well-being during the pandemic. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. Age was positively correlated with change in PERMA elements, but not gender. Limitations and Directions for Future Research. Maslow's hierarchy of needs during COVID-19 Support expected during the pandemic:. If so, please share them using this form. (2015). coping Positive psychological capital development: A field study by the Solomon four group design. 8600 Rockville Pike During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most