29. endobj United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence 25 And the pattern continued: as older territories became states, new annexations brought new territories into the polity. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . United States territorial acquisitions - INFOGALACTIC The comparison is enlightening. With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. Not yet. U.S. Territorial Acquisitions On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). Municipal annexation in the United States - Wikipedia <> 32. Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. endobj A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. Relief shown by hachures. They appeared frequently at the front of atlases or as the main maps of the United States in textbooks. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood Arguments for U.S. 21. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. United States--Territorial expansion. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). Imperialism and the United States Alaska Hawaii Reasons 26. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. Oregon Territory. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. Acquisitions Incorporated | Forgotten Realms Wiki | Fandom In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. Wall maps. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. This was an intellectually transformative event. Texas. It included an extended period of martial law in Hawaii. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence The Greater United States (1904), . The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. Relief shown by hachures. 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . <> This was not a freak event. It was entitled Greater United States. 19. Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. But they are not the whole of it. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. 5. Acquisition - Wikipedia 1846. ",#(7),01444'9=82. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 But thats not it. The Journal of American History has never printed his name. Between 1857 and 1903, the US acquired many new territorial possessions On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. SHAFR members are now turning with great zeal toward military bases, extraterritoriality agreements, occupation zones, Indian polities, and colonies. Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. But California was the extreme. The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). 22. This was not just a war to defend the sovereignty of countries in Europe and Asia. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. They hung on classroom walls. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes 44. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. chemical weapon disposal site, Purchased from Russia Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. Baker Island Howland Island . Annexation - Wikipedia following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. Chronological List of United States Expansion - Weber State University Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a Expansion . The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain At upper left margin: No. Sources and figures (in thousands): South Korea (17,917), the Philippines (18,228), and Japan (76,224): Maddison Project Database, January 2013 update, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, www/ggdc.net/maddison ; Hawaii (815), Alaska (138), Puerto Rico (2,071), and the U.S. Virgin Islands (27): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. PDF Chapter 10 David Rumsey Map Collection. DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. 2. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. Daniel Immerwahr, The Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History , Diplomatic History, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2016, Pages 373391, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhw009, March 1954 is a month diplomatic historians know well. 12. James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. 33. Gadsden Purchase. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. %PDF-1.5 The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. United States--Colonial question, - To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. 3 (1933): 44874. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark 16. The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. 18. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. 41. 21. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. Why do you think so many of these new possessions were islands located in the Pacific Ocean? following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; In 1947, the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Marshall Islands became the most recent U.S. territorial acquisitions, as of August 2021. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). The territorial governor of Alaska, Ernest Gruening, saw it that way, and drafted a book in 1954 entitled Alaska is a Colony (never published, but held in the Ernest Gruening Papers, box 754, folder 316, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Archives and Manuscripts, University of AlaskaFairbanks). Albizu presents something of a puzzle. 529,189. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. This intervention eventually brought about changes in the relationships of the United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China. In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). (Santo Domingo, 1998). Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims conduct an article review of this chapter, using the format below: 12. % Leadership Task 2 Indeed, a remarkable feature of the intellectual moment of 1898 was its revision of the history of continental expansion, by which western territories came to be seen as quasi-colonies. 22. Cover title. That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. A self-governing state cannot accept . The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement